In Bangladesh, bank erosion is a recurring feature for almost all inland rivers. In the early 1990s, such erosion was reported in 94 of the 462 inland upazilas in about 50 districts.5 Bank erosion was considered severe and more frequent in 35 of the 94 upazilas (Elahi, 1991). According to the World Disasters Report published in 2001, 1 million people were displaced each year in Bangladesh at the beginning of this century and 9000 ha of land were lost due to river erosion (IFRC and RCS, 2001). With continued shoreline erosion in coastal areas, the number of upazilas affected by this erosion has increased. Where the Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers enter Bangladesh, both adopt a woven pattern consisting of several channels separated by small islands/sandbanks, locally called char. Over the past 200 years or more, river canals have constantly changed, resulting in both erosion and accretion. The former causes land loss and permanently displaces many residents who live near the eroded banks of rivers. On the other hand, new areas inside the canals not far from the eroded banks have generally appeared at the same time. In other words, land lost due to bank erosion on the one hand is reclaimed on the other (Hofer and Messerli, 2006).

However, access to accreted land for the poor displaced by riverbank erosion is limited. Large landowners and local politicians usually take control of Arctic char lands, often by force. Figure 21.17. Solution for nails and soil roots for the slopes of the banks of Kaministiquia. These sample phrases are automatically selected from various online information sources to reflect the current use of the word “shoreline”. The views expressed in the examples do not represent the views of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us your feedback. As an alternative to the previously used soldiers` pile wall along part of the shoreline, a specially developed ground nail system for steep slopes was implemented (Tozer and Fabius, 2000) to stabilize the five new critical areas (previously a toe guard had been installed). This floor nail system eliminates the need for drilling/grouting and replaces traditional shotcrete cladding with biotechnical coating.

In this case, the ground nails provide shear strength (bending) along potential sliding surfaces. Therefore, floor nails (in this case while driving, vibrating or turning) should be installed under potential sliding surfaces with insufficient FOS. For possible sliding surfaces near the slope surface, additional strength is provided by vegetation (roots) and / or the installation of special heads near the top of the ground nail. Figure 21.11 shows a typical layout of floor nail design. The limiting factor for economical ground nails is the ability to install the nails to a sufficient depth without drilling. Based on numerical analysis, the ground nails driven along the upper half of the slope to a depth of 11 m increase the FOS to about 1.3, which corresponds to that of the already existing soldier pile retaining wall. Subsequent field tests confirmed that ground nails can be installed economically at the required depth on the slope without affecting existing vegetation. A great advantage of this method is that it can be surgically applied to certain areas where the slope in the warning zone has receded, without treating a whole length of inclination as with a retaining wall. It is also a flexible system that can be improved or modified as needed based on performance.

The cost was half that of other systems. Details of the stabilized bank of the river with description, bank soils and details of the installation of bottom nails are given in Table 21.3. Figure 21.17 shows the configuration of the lower nail and figure 21.18 shows the continuous installation of the nails. The steel nails were constructed with a sacrificial corrosion tolerance for a service life of 100 years. The hunters went down and hid in the bushes; There was total silence on the shore. “It`s Zachary Taylor,” Raoul heard someone in the crowd say as he stood in line unnoticed on the shore. Figure 12.6. Adjustment between the water levels of the MRC and the ground level in the CT city. The water level can be adjusted to the height of the bank by subtracting 1.5 m from the original MRC data.

Note that in these graphs, a positive water height value indicates that the water is above ground, while a negative value indicates that the water is below ground level at BP. After a day of hiking, participants climbed into the transparent plastic capsules installed along a riverbank. Figure 12.7. Soil water level on the shore of Can Tho (BP) and corresponding probability of occurrence for a period of 1 year. This graph was created from a 1-year tide record between July 2009 and June 2010. Although bank erosion has been mostly confined inland, the process has continued to affect rivers near the mouth in recent years. For this reason, there are few studies on the extent and effects of this erosion of coastal rivers. It is claimed that over the past three decades, the Jamuna, Brahmaputra and Ganges rivers (called Padma in Bangladesh) have together eroded 180,000 hectares of land. The corresponding figure for coastal rivers is estimated at about 22,500 hectares (BWDB, 2013). Like their internal counterparts, erosion of coastal river banks is destroying arable land, displacing human settlements while damaging growing crops, and massively disrupting road links and communications infrastructure in the region. It should be noted that shoreline erosion is a regular occurrence on offshore islands, particularly in Bhola, Hatiya, Sandwip and Kutubdia. Using the water levels collected by the authors during their field trips, it was found that the relative water level can be obtained from a base point near the ground on the shore of the TC [Figure 12.2(B), designated BP; see Figure 12.1(C)] by moving the original CRM data vertically downwards by 1.5 m to be consistent with the data studied (Figure 12.6).

The total duration for each water level range is estimated as shown in Figure 12.7, as well as the cumulative probability of occurrence of some water levels after conversion of the original MRC data to a BOP baseline. The probability distribution can be represented by a distorted continuous probability distribution, for example: the logarithmic-normal distribution. Between July 2009 and June 2010, BP`s soil was flooded for a total of 215 hours (2.5% per year), with a flood depth of up to 40 cm. This estimate was confirmed through interviews with local residents during field surveys in March 2012. Residents explained that this area of CT is frequently flooded and reported typical maximum flood rates along their stores, which was well in line with the authors` estimates (Figure 12.2(D)). Land movements – landslides, subsidence, bank erosion, instability of streams or banks, etc. Panka, we learn, does not have very warm clothes and we spend a cool night with him trying to sleep on a river bank. Meanwhile, it`s easy to imagine Oski frolicking on the shore and having a drink. This system starts with the suction pumping station where the suction pumps are located. This pumping station is located on a river or canal bank or on the coast of the sea. Water from the river, canal or sea flows into a bay through a garbage rack that captures large floating debris such as carcasses, logs, ship scaffolding, etc.

The bay conducts water through a movable water screen and an entrance door to the suction basin of the individual pump. Floating and floating water debris that has passed through the garbage platform is collected in the moving water sieve. The clogged screens are then washed with high-pressure water jets, with the wash water supplied by screen wash pumps, which are also sucked in through the bay. Each pump is equipped with insulation to facilitate pump maintenance. From the hose, each suction pump receives its suction and then evacuates the raw water into the raw water tank or raw water tank for storage. These fast-growing seedlings struggle to break through the vegetated-filled banks of rivers, relying instead on flooding for their first sips. We have a great time playing here on the shore in the sand. The girls reached the shore just as Dick and Harry saddled the horses. I held my breath, and within seconds I found myself standing on a gravel bank with only Brian, a guide, and my backpack, watching the plane fly away. As the river dries up, these groups will need lobbyists more than ever to defend their position on the shore.