The theory of continental drift is defined as the movement of Earth`s continents relative to each other, causing them to drift together across the ocean floor. Although Alfred Wegener was able to propose a viable hypothesis with evidence and formulate the theory specifically, it should be noted that there were earlier geologists and scientists who thought in the same way as Wegener. For example, between 1889 and 1909, Roberto Mantovani speculated that all continents were once connected to form a “supercontinent,” and even developed a hypothesis of the expanding Earth. “It is ironic that the main objection to continental drift was that there is no mechanism and that plate tectonics was accepted without a mechanism” to move continents, Henry Frankel (1944-2019), professor emeritus at the University of Missouri-Kansas City and author of the four volumes “The Continental Drift Controversy (opens in new tab)” (Cambridge University Press, 2012) previously reported to Live Science. A whole series of sand-eaters seemed to move in and out of the back room over time. Bernauer correctly equated Reykjanes in southwest Iceland with the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, arguing that the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean would be widened just like Reykjanes. Bernauer believed that this expansion had continents only 100 to 200 km apart, the approximate width of the volcanic zone in Iceland. [47] The drift theory was originally proposed by Greshem Sykes and David Matza to explain how young offenders can have conventional and deviant values and attitudes. The theory is that offenders use neutralization techniques to rationalize their offenders and/or deviants. A term that is no longer used by geologists and refers to the fact that continents are not stationary, but move across the Earth`s surface. Continental drift is a feature of modern plate tectonics theory. (See Pangea.) In addition, Marie Tharp, in collaboration with Bruce Heezen, who was initially skeptical of Tharp`s observations that his maps confirmed the theory of continental drift, provided essential confirmation by using her mapping and seismographic data skills to confirm the theory.

[64] [65] [66] [67] [68] Alfred Wegener`s curiosity about the possibility of continental drift came in 1910 after noticing how much Earth`s continents resembled a puzzle. For example, he noted how the South American coast corresponded correctly to the northwest coast of Africa. It wasn`t until 1911, when Wegener came across several scientific papers listing fossils of identical plants and animals found on both sides of the Atlantic, that his passion for the subject became apparent. Of this monumental moment in his life, he writes: “A conviction of the fundamental solidity of the idea was ingrained in my head.” Alfred Wegener knew that enormous amounts of evidence had to be gathered to justify such a fantastic idea – because without practical driving force, theory loses most of its credibility. To maximize the evidence for his theory and neglect the lack of mechanism, he decided to tap into a variety of scientific fields such as geology, geography, biology, and paleontology. Alfred Wegener presented his hypothesis for the first time to the German Geological Society on January 6, 1912. [17] His hypothesis was that the continents once formed a single landmass, called Pangea, before separating and drifting to their current locations. [32] A map of the continents inspired Wegener to explain the geological history of the Earth. He was fascinated by the interweaving coasts of Africa and South America. Wegener then gathered an impressive amount of evidence of continental drift to show that Earth`s continents were once connected into a single supercontinent.

The complementary arrangement of the opposite sides of South America and Africa is obvious, but a passing coincidence. Millions of years from now, plate traction, ridge thrust, and other tectonophysical forces will separate and rotate these two continents. It was this temporary feature that inspired Wegener to study what he defined as continental drift, although he did not live long enough to see his hypothesis. Is he the kind of character who would join the group permanently, or is he more of a guy who comes in and out? As late as 1953 – only five years before Carey [49] introduced the theory of plate tectonics – the theory of continental drift was rejected by physicist Scheidegger for the following reasons. [50] The neutralization theory was developed in 1957 by Dr. Gresham Sykes and his former student, Dr. David Matza. Their theory presented a different perspective on social control, first explained by Edwin Surtherland in 1947 through his theory of learning. Dr. Matza felt that rational decisions were omitted and developed the theory of neutralization and drift to explain why offenders enter and leave delinquency.

If these other theories – biological, psychological or sociological – were correct, how could a person explain the fact that most young offenders move away from delinquency when they reach their early twenties? Dr. Matza was of the opinion that “if offenders had established a subculture with different norms than society at large, they would not have shown any shame or guilt by violating the social order.” {C} (Matza D. a., Neutralization Theory: Learning rationalizations as Motives, 2004){C}. Wegener was the first to use the term “continental drift” (1912, 1915)[17][18] and officially published the hypothesis that the continents had somehow “drifted apart”. Although he presented ample evidence of continental drift, he was unable to provide a convincing explanation of the physical processes that may have caused this drift. He suggested that the continents had been separated by the centrifugal pseudoforce (polar flight) of Earth`s rotation or by a small astronomical precession component, but calculations showed that the force was insufficient. [33] The polar flight hypothesis was also studied by Paul Sophus Epstein in 1920 and deemed implausible. In reviewing the theory of incapacitation and its application to criminal justice, many concerns were raised, including causation. When does incapacitation take place, before or after a crime? {C} (Matza D.